Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Sold in Selected Wet Markets in Hulu Langat District, Malaysia

Abstract

Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) is valued for its nutritional benefits and contribution to a healthy diet. However, increasing anthropogenic activities have raised concerns about elevated concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in marine ecosystems, which may pose health risks through their accumulation in marine species. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of HMs in R. kanagurta and evaluate the associated health risks based on estimated fish intake among Malaysian adults and children. Samples were collected from selected wet markets in Hulu Langat, Malaysia, and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The concentrations of HMs in the analyzed fish samples were found to be within legal limits and ordered as Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd. Despite the concentrations being within permissible limits, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values indicated low hazard risks for both age groups (THQ < 1). The study recommends further investigation, including the analysis of bioavailable metal forms, for a more precise risk assessment. Continuous monitoring of HM levels in R. kanagurta is crucial to ensure regulatory compliance, provide data for risk assessment, and serve as an early warning system to ensure consumer safety.